Willow Powers collection, 1998-2001

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Willow Powers collection, 1998-2001

NAU.MS.278
NAU.OH.1998.96


Overview of the Collection

Creator: Powers, Willow Roberts, 1943-
Collection NameWillow Powers collection
Inclusive Dates: 1998-2001
Quantity: 1 linear foot textual materials, 25 audio cassettes
Abstract:The Willow Powers collection contains research files and oral history interviews which Powers used to write Navajo Trading: The End of an Era (2001, 2002).
Identification: NAU.MS.278
NAU.OH.1998.96
Language: Material in English
Repository: Cline Library. Special Collections and Archives
Northern Arizona University
Box 6022
Flagstaff, AZ 86011-6022
Phone: 928 523-5551
Fax: 928 523-3770
Email: special.collections@nau.edu

Biographical Note

Willow Powers (nee Willow Anne Roberts) was born in London, England in 1943. She spent her childhood years in England, Malta, and Canada. Powers studied at the Sorbonne in Paris, France, going on to work for the Conservative Party in London. In 1964, Powers moved to New York City, where she worked a variety of jobs, including working for Oxford University Press, the Circle in the Square Theater School, and for Tandler Textiles. In 1979, Powers moved to Albuquerque to pursue her PhD in anthropology at the University of New Mexico, which she completed in 1997. That same year she met Jo and Sam Drolet and became interested in Indian traders. This interest led to her first book, Stokes Carson: Twentieth Century Trading on the Navajo Reservation (1987).

Powers then moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, where she eventually settled. She met archaeologist Robert "Bob" P. Powers, whom she later married, during a field project in Chaco Canyon. In Santa Fe, Powers worked as an archivist for the Wheelwright Museum Indian, a role she held for 22 years. In addition to her career as an archivist, Powers taught Anthropology at the University of New Mexico and the University of Iowa. In 2001, she published Navajo Trading: The End of an Era. Power's final book, Transcription Techniques for the Spoken Word (2005).

In addition to her own research, Powers was involved in several projects including helping to foster interest and training in archives in Native American communities. Powers is cited by Karen Underhill as a contributor to the project which would eventually result in the Protocols for Native American Archival Materials(2006). In 2016, Powers donated money to the Wheelwright to establish the Robert and Willow Powers Archival Outreach Program.

Willow Roberts Powers died in Santa Fe on December 21, 2018.

Information in this biographical note is derived from Powers' obituary in the Santa Fe New Mexican, January 2-6, 2019.


Scope and Content

The Willow Powers collection consists of research files (NAU.MS.278) used to write the book Navajo Trading: The End of an Era (2001). The book, a history of the United Indian Traders Association (UITA), chronicles trade on the Navajo Nation (then Navajo Indian Reservation), primarily during the last half of the 20th century. Collection materials provide insights into the efforts of of the Navajo legal aid organization Dinebeiina Nahilna Be Agaditahe (DNA Legal Services) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in creating new regulations over the practice of pawn. Powers collected FTC records, reports, newspaper accounts, and UITA records in crafting her book.

The oral history interview portion of Powers' project (NAU.OH.1998.96) was funded by a grant from the United Indian Traders Association through the Northern Arizona University Foundation. Oral history interviews were conducted by Powers in collaboration with staff from Cline Library's Specail Collections (now Special Collections and Archives), in collaboration with the Navajo National Historic Preservation Division.


Arrangement

SCA staff, notably Shannon Langley, organized materials in the Willow Powers collection into 2 format-based groups in 2001:

Restrictions

Conditions Governing Access

Due to a lack of necessary playback equipment and fragility of the materials, audio cassettes in the Oral history interviews group (NAU.OH.1998.96) are not accessible for access and use in the Miriam Lemont Reading Room. Please contact Special Collections and Archives at least three weeks in advance to request access.

Conditions Governing Use

It is the responsibility of the user to obtain permission to publish from the owner of the copyright (the institution, the creator of the record, the author or his/her transferees, heirs, legates, or literary executors). The user agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Arizona Board of Regents for Northern Arizona University, its officers, employees, and agents from and against all claims made by any person asserting that he or she is an owner of copyright.


Related Material

United Indian Traders Association records, NAU.MS.299, NAU.PH.99.53.1, NAU.OH.75
Babbitt Brothers Trading Company [manuscript] NAU.MS.83
Day Family Collection [manuscript] NAU.MS.89
Gladwell Richardson Collection [manuscript] AHS.MS.48
Osborne, Harold F. [manuscript] NAU.MS.6
Wide Ruins Trading Post records [manuscript] NAU.MS.260
Raymond Blair Trading Post records [manuscript] NAU.MS.303


Controlled Access Terms

Subject(s)
Trading posts--Southwest, New--History.
Navajo Nation, Arizona, New Mexico & Utah


Administrative Information

Digital Material Available

SCA staff digitized selected oral history interviews from the Willow Powers collection in 2018. Digitized oral history interviews are available online via the Colorado Plateau Digital Collections. Select "Colorado Plateau Archives." Use the advanced search menu to search for "Willow Powers" in the "Creator" field or in the "Collection name" field, or search "NAU.OH.1998.96" in the "Call number" field.

Click here to view all digitized material from the Willow Powers collection.

Preferred Citation

[Title or brief description of file or item.] Willow Powers collection [manuscripts], NAU.MS.278, Box [ ], Folder [ ]. Special Collections and Archives. Northern Arizona University. Cline Library. Flagstaff, Arizona.

[Title or brief description of file or item.] Willow Powers collection [oral histories], NAU.OH.1998.96.[ ]. Special Collections and Archives. Northern Arizona University. Cline Library. Flagstaff, Arizona.

Acquisition Information

Willow Roberts Powers donated collection materials to Cline Library in 2001.

Processing Information

Processed in 2001 by Shannon Langeley. Finding aid updated by Samantha Meier in 2021.


Container List

NAU.MS.278 Research files, 1998-2001 (2 archival boxes; 1 linear foot)
Box-folder
1.1 August, Jack, 1966-1999.
Box-folder
1.2 Bruce, M: Report, 1949?
Box-folder
1.3 Code of Federal Regulations Title 25-Indians, 1940, 1949?
Proposed amendment included from 1951
Box-folder
1.4 Dine Baa Hani, 1969-1973.
Box-folder
1.5 DNA in Action, 1969-1972.
Box-folder
1.6 DNA Materials, 1970-1983.
Box-folder
1.7 Federal Trade Commission Pg. 1-90, 4/19/1972-8/26/1972.
Box-folder
1.8 Federal Trade Commission Pg. 91-120, 8/26/1972-10/23/1972.
Box-folder
1.9 Federal Trade Commission Pg. 121-166, 10/23/1972-6/19/1973.
Box-folder
1.10 Federal Trade Commission Pg. 3-53, 6/19/1973-8/1/1974.
Box-folder
1.11-12 Federal Trade Commission-Babbitt. ,
Box-folder
1.13 Federal Trade Commission-Barnard. ,
Box-folder
1.14 Federal Trade Commission 45 (Spicer) Lybrook etc. ,
Box-folder
1.15 Federal Trade Commission- McGee. ,
Box-folder
2.16 Federal Trade Commission-McGee. ,
Box-folder
2.17-18 Federal Trade Commission-Springer et al, Sunrise etc. ,
Box-folder
2.19 Federal Trade Commission-Stokies. ,
Box-folder
2.20 Gross, M: DNA (law article), 1973.
Box-folder
2.21 Kelley, K.B: Trading Posts, 1983.
Box-folder
2.22 Law: Biderman-Trader Suit, 1972.
Box-folder
2.23 Law Articlles-Biderman, Craig, 1973-1979.
Box-folder
2.24 Navajo Newspaper Cuttings, 1972-1999.
Box-folder
2.25 Navajo Times, 1966-1972.
Box-folder
2.26 Proceedings of the Navajo Tribe Council, 1953.
Resolution from 1949 also in this folder.
Box-folder
2.27 Southwest Indian Development, Inc. Report on Trading Posts. ,
Box-folder
2.28 Traders-Old Newspaper Clippings, 1998.
Box-folder
2.29-31 United Indian Traders Association: Papers DNA etc., 1954-1973.
Box-folder
2.32 United Indian Traders Association: Papers-Various, 1974-1976.
Box-folder
2.33 United Indian Traders Association: Photocopied material on founding, UITA, and activities, 1933-1940.
Box-folder
2.34 Youngblood, B. (Report), 1935.
NAU.OH.1998.96 Oral history interviews, 1998-2000 (25 audio cassettes, 16 transcripts)
Scope & Contents
Oral history interviews in the Willow Powers collection (NAU.OH.1998.96.1-18) consist of 18 interviews conducted by Willow Powers, in collaboration with staff at Cline Library Special Collections. These interviews were funded by a grant from the the United Indian Traders Association via the Northern Arizona University Foundation. Willows used interview data in writing her book Navajo Trading: The End of an Era (2001, 2002).
Processing Information
In August 2021, Samantha Meier updated the call numbers for the oral history interviews in the Willow Powers collection from NAU.OH.96 to NAU.OH.1998.96 to reflect their full year-based call number.
Meier also removed information about an oral history interview with Peterson Zah (NAU.OH.96.18 / NAU.OH.1998.96.18), after discovering that the interview actually belongs to the United Indian Traders Association records (NAU.OH.75.33). The interview was conducted by Brad Cole and had been previously misattributed to Willow Powers, who was present at the time of the interview.
NAU.OH.1998.96.1Adrian Ashcroft, June 19,1999
Adrian Ashcroft was born in Gallup, New Mexico and later moved to Farmington. Her family lived in Farmington during the school year but lived at trading posts during the summer. Her father, James Ashcroft, was an Indian Trader. Currently her and her sister both own their own trading posts. During the interview she discussed her family and the changes that have occurred in the trading post business.
Transcript and 2 cassette tapes available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.2Paul Biderman, December 30, 1998
Oral History Interview of Paul Biderman by Willow Powers, December 30, 1998 [with transcript]

Paul Biderman grew up in New York City. While he was there he attended New York University Law School and met his wife. In 1970, Biderman and his wife decided that they wanted to move to the western United States. He heard how about the newly organized Navajo legal services group DNA) and applied to work for this organization. He received a job in June of 1970 and moved to Crownpoint, New Mexico. In 1971 he became the only DNA lawyer in New Mexico.
During his interview, Biderman discusses the differences between New York City and Crownpoint. He also talks about various cases that he worked on while employed with the DNA.
Transcript and 1 cassette tape available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.3Claudia Blair, July 21, 1998
Claudia Blair was born Claudia Caler in Hindman, Kentucky, in 1928. She was educated at Berea College in Kentucky. Claudia married high school sweetheart Elijah Blair in 1948 and moved to Toadlena Trading Post. Later they went to Mexican Water Trading Post. In this interview she discusses her marriage and working at a trading post.
Transcript and 1 cassette tape available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.4Elijah Blair, July 21, 1998.
Elijah Blair was born in McRoberts, Kentucky, in 1927. He worked at Toadlena Trading Post, Mexican Water Trading Post, and Aneth Trading Post before becoming a partner in Aneth Trading Post. Later Elijah owned Dinnebito Trading Post, Kayenta Trading Post, and Wetherill Inn. He currently owns Blair's Dinnebito Trading Post in Page, Arizona. During the interview he discusses what it was like to be a trader and the changes that the trading business went through.
Transcript and 1 cassette tape available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.5Elijah and Claudia Blair, May 16, 1999
See 96.4 and 96.5 for biographical information.
Transcript and 3 cassette tapes available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.6Hank Blair, November 16, 1998
Hank Blair was born in Farmington, New Mexico, in 1947. Hank grew up at Red Mesa Trading Post and attended high school in Farmington, New Mexico. He joined the Marine Corps in 1966 and served in Vietnam. He worked at Kayenta Trading Post and Wetherill Inn until 1984, when he bought Totsoh Trading Post in Lukachukai, Arizona. He is currently its owner-operator.
Transcript and 1 cassette tape available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.7Vicky Blair, June 17, 1999
Vicky Blair, wife of Hank Blair, co-operates the Totsoh Trading Post in Lukachukai, Arizona. She discusses Navajo culture and operating a trading post.
Transcript and 1 cassette tape available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.8Grace Brown, July 19, 1999
Grace Brown was born near the Shonto Trading Post. She attended school at Kayenta and the Intermountain Indian School in Brigham City, Utah. Her mother pulled her out of school and she began to work at Shonto Trading Post. During the interview she discusses working at the post, the community and the changes that both have gone through.
Transcript and 1 cassette tape available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.9Bruce Burnham, July 9, 1998
Bruce Burnham was born in Farmington, New Mexico, in 1940. He spent his early childhood at Bisti Trading Post and attended school in Farmington. After release from the United States' Army in 1960, he returned to the reservation, drove a delivery truck, then worked at Red Rock, Aneth, and Dinnebito Trading Posts. He married Virgina Kishkoli Begay in the early 1970s, and they currently own the R.B. Burnham Trading Post in Sanders, Arizona.
Transcript and 2 cassette tapes available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.10Virginia Burnham, January 19, 1999
Virginia Burnham was born Virginia Kishkoli Begay in Ganado, Arizona. Virginia grew up herding sheep and other livestock in a remote, agrarian setting. She was educated in California and married Bruce Burnham in the early 1970s. She is an active jeweler, jewelry manufacturer, and trading post operator in Sanders, Arizona.
Transcript and 2 cassette tapes available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.11Gloria Emerson, February 13, 2000
Gloria Emerson grew up in different parts of the Navajo reservation. Her father worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs causing them to move frequently. Emerson attended Harvard and got her Masters in Education. She then moved back to New Mexico and worked for the Welfare Department and Headstart Program. Before she went to Harvard she was a strong supporter of the DNA. This lead to her hiring a young Navajo man to "observe" what happened in trading posts. Emerson was one of the five board members of the Southwestern Indian Development. She talks about things that she saw and how she feels about trading posts.
Transcript and 1 cassette tape available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.12Ed Foutz, September 28, 1998
Ed Foutz was born in 1937 in Farmington, New Mexico. He lost his father, Edwin Luff Foutz, to spinal meningitis at Teec Nos Pos Trading Post in 1939. Ed went to work at Teec Nos Pos for his uncle, Russell Foutz at age fourteen and bought into the Shiprock Trading Company in 1964. In his career he has handled large quantities of wool, livestock, and artwork. Wholesale rugs are his specialty. He has experienced trading at every level.
Transcript and 1 cassette tape available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.13Mike Gross, October 29, 1999
Mike Gross was a lawyer for the Navajo DNA legal services in the 1960's. He worked on many cases that had to deal with law reform. During this interview he discusses these cases, the agenda of DNA, other lawyers and some of the cases tried by DNA lawyers.
Transcript and 1 cassette tape available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.14Bruce Herr, October 31, 1998
Bruce Herr, a graduate from Harvard law school, worked as a lawyer for the Navajo Legal Services (DNA). In his interview he talks about DNA colleagues, law cases, and changes that DNA went through over the years. One of the big controversies was over the type of cases that the DNA would take, small ones or ones that would set legal precedents.
Transcript and 1 cassette tape available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.15Robert Hilgendorf, October 25, 1999
Robert Hilgendorf graduated form Harvard law school. He was interviewed by and hired to work for the Navajo Legal Services (DNA) by Peterson Zah and Ted Mitchell. He began work in New Mexico in January of 1968. Throughout the interview he talks about various aspects of the DNA and the cases that were tried against Indian Traders.
Transcript and 2 cassette tapes available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.16Eric Treesman, November 8, 1999
1 cassette tape available.
NAU.OH.1998.96.17Tom Woodard, December 9, 1998
Tom Woodard was born in Gallup, New Mexico, in 1936. Tom Woodard started an Indian arts and crafts store in Tucson in the 1950s. In 1964 he closed that store and has since operated others in Gallup, Scottsdale, and Santa Fe.
1 cassette tape available.