The professional papers of William A. Longacre (1937-2015),
archaeologist and former Head of Anthropology at the University of Arizona. Includes
correspondence, research files, publications, organization files, and records of
field work in east-central Arizona, the Philippines, and China. Approximately half
of the collection documents Longacre’s long term ethnoarchaeological research
program focused on ceramics among the Kalinga, an indigenous group in the northern
Philippines, consisting of correspondence, field notes, and data
analysis.
Collection Number:
MS 8
Language:
Materials are in English
Repository:
Arizona State Museum
University of Arizona
Arizona State Museum Library and Archives
PO Box 210026
Tucson, AZ 85721-0026
Phone: 520-621-4695
Email: larc@email.arizona.edu
URL:
https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/visit/collections/library-and-archives
Biographical Note
Dr. William Atlas Longacre II (1937-2015) was a leading archaeologist associated with
the Processual Archaeology movement and former Head of Anthropology (1989-1998) at
the University of Arizona. Raised in Houghton, Michigan, Longacre began his
university education at Michigan Tech before transferring to the University of
Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, where he earned a B.A. in anthropology in 1959. He
completed his Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1963, where he was influenced by
Lewis R. Binford, proponent of Processual Archaeology (also called New Archaeology),
which expanded the kinds of questions that archaeology examined and the
relationships of archaeology to the larger discipline of anthropology. As a graduate
student at the University of Chicago, Longacre began research at the Carter Ranch
Site in east-central Arizona that would eventually be published as in 1970 as Archaeology as Anthropology: A Case Study, his most
famous work. This groundbreaking piece of research used the techniques of Processual
Archaeology to reconstruct prehistoric social organization at a 12th to mid-13th
century AD Ancestral Pueblo community.
In 1964, Longacre was hired as an assistant professor of anthropology at the
University of Arizona, rising to the rank of professor in 1974. Longacre directed
the University of Arizona Archaeological Field School at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona
from 1964-1978. In 1973, Longacre initiated a long term ethnoarchaeological research
program focused on ceramics among the Kalinga, an indigenous group living in a
remote area of northern Luzon in the Philippines. Longacre and his students
continued this research from 1975 through the late 1980s. Their findings
demonstrated a variety of systemic linkages among pottery manufacture (including
design and morphological variation), measures of standardization, use-life,
function, discard, specialized production, dynamic ceramic distributional networks,
and community and regional organization, as well as exchange, wealth, and irrigated
rice cultivation. Another generation of Longacre’s students, several trained as
behavioral archaeologists, continued this work through the mid-1990s, offering
longitudinal perspectives on material culture variability. The Kalinga
Ethnoarchaeological Project, as it came to be known, was one of the largest and most
varied research programs in the ethnoarchaeological field.
In 1989, Longacre was appointed Head of Anthropology at the University of Arizona, a
position he held until 1998, when he became the Fred A. Riecker Distinguished
Professor. Longacre published nine volumes and authored more than 60 papers
throughout his career. He also held a number of visiting academic appointments,
including at Yale University and the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. For more than
30 years, Longacre was affiliated with the University of the Philippines, where he
mentored and taught archaeology to both undergraduate and graduate students. He
supervised 22 doctorates at the University of Arizona and mentored many more
students both at Arizona and in the Philippines. In 2004, Longacre retired from the
University of Arizona, capping a 40-year career at that institution. He died in
Tucson on November 18, 2015.
Scope and Content Note
The professional papers of William A. Longacre consist primarily of his
correspondence, research files, publications, teaching files, organization files,
and records of field work in east-central Arizona, the Philippines, and China.
Approximately half of the collection documents Longacre’s ethnoarchaeological
research project focused on ceramics among the Kalinga, an indigenous group in
northern Luzon, the Philippines. The collections spans from 1937 to 2016, with the
bulk dating from Longacre’s graduate studies in the early 1960s through his
retirement from the University of Arizona in 2004.
Series I is comprised of professional correspondence. Correspondence from 1959 to
approximately 1980 is arranged alphabetically by recipient. Beginning around 1980,
correspondence is grouped by date. Several frequent, longtime correspondents,
including Michael Graves and Gloria London, have correspondence appearing in both
the alphabetical and dated files. Longacre maintained lasting relationships with
many former graduate students; former students and colleagues warmly referred to him
in correspondence as “Uncle Willie.”
Series II, professional papers, documents Longacre’s research (excluding his research
focused on the Kalinga), publications, teaching, and involvement with professional
societies. Subseries are arranged in roughly chronological order. This series
documents Longacre’s development as an archaeologist associated with Processual
Archaeology and ethnoarchaeology, beginning with his undergraduate and graduate
notebooks (Subseries 1) and including fieldwork in east-central Arizona (Subseries
2). This fieldwork culminated in Longacre’s Ph.D. dissertation, eventually published
as Archaeology as Anthropology: A Case Study, in 1970;
the collection includes numerous drafts and correspondence related to this
publication.
Subseries 3 contains teaching materials from the 1960s through 2007. Subseries 4
contains annual meeting materials for professional societies including the American
Anthropological Association, the Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic Conferences, the
Society for American Archaeology, and the Southwestern Archaeological Research
Group. Subseries 5 contains project files, drafts, and correspondence related to
article or chapter-length publications, some unpublished. Subseries 6 is materials
from the 1990s related to proposed research on ceramics production and use among the
Dai people of southern China. Subseries 7 contains Longacre’s birth certificate and
a program from a celebration of his life in 2016, along with loose and framed
photographs dating from 1965-2012.
Series III contains extensive materials documenting the Kalinga Ethnoarchaeological
Project, Longacre’s research and fieldwork focused on the Kalinga of northern Luzon
in the Philippines. Gloria London created a preliminary description and arrangement
of these materials for Longacre in 1982-1983. Her arrangement was adapted for the
full collection of Kalinga-related materials, spanning 1958-2003 (with the majority
from 1975-1988).
Subseries 1 is correspondence, arranged alphabetically by correspondent or by date.
Subseries 2 contains of documentation of Longacre’s initial research and later field
seasons of 1975-1976, 1981-1982, and 1987-1988. This subseries includes Gloria
London’s context and arrangement notes; Longacre’s field notes and notebooks;
National Science Foundation grant applications; import and export forms; receipts
and other expedition notes; language and cultural notes; computer punch cards and
data formats; photos, slides, and descriptions of images; maps (original and
published); published articles; clippings; student notebooks and research; several
field recordings on audiocassette, including an account of how pottery making came
to Dangtalan; and bamboo specimens. Gloria London’s research and publications on
pottery in Paradijon also appear in this subseries, as does data and analysis from
Michael Graves’ dissertation.
Subseries 2 contains documents related to data collection and analysis, including
genealogies, lists of potters, censuses of household pottery, maps of households
noting the location of pottery, use-life studies of pottery, information about rice
field ownership (including production yield and maps), information about pottery
exchanges, economic questionnaires, and inventories of other household items. The
original forms used to collect this information are included; for most types of
information, the surveys were completed in multiple locations and across multiple
field seasons. Drawings of pots and copies of designs from pots are also included in
this subseries.
Oversized materials include two index card file boxes containing information on
potters and pot designs; large-scale profile drawings of Kalinga pottery; plaques
and certificates; extensive database printouts; and maps (both original and
published), primarily of portions of Kalinga province and specific communities
studied by Longacre and his students.
Original titles on folders were maintained when present, resulting in some
inconsistencies in spellings of place and group names.
Arrangement
This collection consists of forty-five boxes divided into three series.
Access to specific information about the nature and location of archaeological
resources may be restricted pursuant to the United States Archaeological Resources
Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA) and Arizona Revised Statutes, Title 39-125. ARPA
includes a specific exemption from the the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
requirements for information about the nature and location of archaeological
resources (16 U.S. Code 470hh: Confidentiality of information concerning the nature
and location of archaeological resources).
Copyright
The Arizona State Museum may not own copyright to all parts of this collection. It is
the responsibility of the user to obtain permission to publish from the owner of the
copyright (the institution, the creator of the record, the author or his/her
transferees, heirs, legates, or literary executors). The user agrees to indemnify
and hold harmless the Arizona Board of Regents for the University of Arizona,
Arizona State Museum, its officers, employees, and agents from and against all
claims made by any person asserting that he or she is an owner of copyright.
Photographs
related to these archives may be housed with the Arizona State Museum Photographic
Collection. Contact the ASM Curator of Photographic Collections for more
information.
Access Terms
Personal Name(s)
Longacre, William A., 1937-2015.
Corporate Name(s)
Kalinga Ethnoarchaeology Project.
University of Arizona. Archaeological Field
School. Grasshopper.
University of Arizona. Department of
Anthropology.
University of the Philippines. Department of
Anthropology.
Geographic Name(s)
Dangtalan (Philippines).
Grasshopper Pueblo
(Ariz.).
Guinaang (Philippines).
Hay Hollow Valley
(Ariz.)--Antiquities.
Kalinga (Philippines).
Little Colorado River Valley (N.M.
and Ariz.)--Antiquities.
William A. Longacre Papers (MS 8). Arizona State Museum Library and Archives.
Provenance
The collection was received from Longacre in several installments, with the first
portions received in the 1980s, followed by further additions in 2009 and 2011. A
considerable portion of the collection was received in early 2016 after Longacre’s
death.
Processing Note
Portions of the collection were partially described by Jeanne Armstrong in the 1980s.
Jeremy Thompson partially processed the correspondence and professional papers in
2019. Complete rehousing, arrangement, description, and encoding were completed by
Julie Swarstad Johnson in December 2020.
How pottery making came to Dangtalan, as told by
Lingayo, 1975
box
folder
28
1
Copies of plates showing Kalinga pot making, undated
28
2
Smithsonian Institution Press, Longacre series
photos, undated
28
3
Photographs and illustration prepared for
publication, [1981]
28
4
Original artwork for "Kalinga Ethnoarchaeology", 1994
28
5
Notes accompanying Paradijon slides taken by
Longacre, 1981
28
6
Dangtalan house photos (negatives, contact sheets, notes) by
Brian Trostel, 1987-1988
28
7
Foto list- Kalinga (Longacre), from ASM Library, undated
28
8
Slides and Photos- Inventory (formally 52 Folder
29), undated
28
9
Copy of ceramics photography log, 1987-1988
28
10
Pictures of record catalog, 1987
28
11
ASM slide catalog: Kalinga slides, 1975-1976
28
12
ASM catalog cards for Kalinga pots (Version 1), undated
28
13
Maps: Tanudan and Pasil drainages, undated
28
14
Sitio Lunong- Settlement history map, 1988
28
15
Maps, undated
box
folder
29
1
Published maps, undated
29
2
Published articles on Kalinga pottery, 1974, 1986
29
3
Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans, 1986
29
4
Expedition: Special Issue on Ethnoarchaeology, 1991
29
5
Ethnoarchaeology in the Philippines and
bibliography, circa 2000
29
6
Course materials, Explaining the Philippine Past, 2001
29
7-8
Articles on Philippines/Kalinga, 1969-1996
box
folder
30
1-5
Articles on Philippines/Kalinga, 1969-1996
30
6
Articles about Kalinga, 1976-1991
box
folder
31
1
Anthropology Research Center newsletter, 1981
31
2
Columbian Mission on the Philippines and preserving tribal
lands, Pope John Paul II, 1981
31
3
Cultural Survival Newsletter, Chico River Dam, 1980
31
4
Dozier, E., "The Kalinga Peace Pact Institution", 1960
31
5
Estioko, Agnes A. and P. Brion Griffin, "The Ebuked Agta of
Northeastern Luzon", 1975
31
6
IBON: Facts and Figures, Chico River Dam, 1979
31
7
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs newsletter,
"Igorots", Chico Project, 1976
31
8
Kalinga-Apayo Development Journal, 1980
31
9
Kramer, Carol, Review of Kalinga Pictures of Record
Series, 1989
31
10
Lawless, R., "Effects of Population Growth and Environmental
Changes on Divinization Practices in Northern Luzon", 1975
31
11
London, Gloria, "Past Present" and M. J. Calderon and T.
Roales, "A Desription of Pottery Making in Talibon,
Bohol", 1987, 1989
31
12
"Luzon: Northern Groups", undated
31
13
Magannon, Esteban T., "Cognition of Time, Change and Social
Identity: Kalinga…", 1984
31
14
Materials on the Macli-ing Dulag case (Chico River
Dam), 1975-[1980]
31
15
Metro Manila with archaeology articles, 1977
31
16
National Geographic Society: Bontoc in the
Philippines, after 1972
31
17
New York Times, "Filipino Hill Tribes Fight to Save Homes
from Dam", 1980
31
18
New York Times, "Philippines signs cease-fire with tribal
insurgants", 1986
31
19
Platt, John R., "Strong Inference"; Scheffler, I., "Inductive
Inference"; Deutsch, K., "Conditions Favoring Major Advances in
Social Science", 1958, 1964, 1971
31
20
Presidential Press Release: PFM creates Kalinga special
development region, 1975
31
21
Reid, L., "Wards and Working Groups in Guinaang, Bontoc,
Luzon", 1972
31
22
Seitz, Ruth, "Guns and Dams", [1980]
31
23
Social Science Information, "Three Living Traditions in
Kalinga", 1977
31
24
Southeast Asia Resource Center Bulletin, 1980
31
25
Takaki, M., Review of Mountain Arbiters: The Changing Life of
a Philippine Hill People, 1969
31
26
Takaki, M. "Regional Names in Kalinga: Certain Social
Dimensions in Place Names", 1984
31
27
Teage, G., "Porcelain and Stomeware from Excavations at
Puapo", 1984
31
28
"What Has Happened to Our Land, Brother?", 1979
31
29
Delacruz, E., "Ceramic use life: Dalupa and
Mulayong-Dalupa", 1982
31
30
Graves, Michael, Data format for dissertation
database, [1979]
31
31
Data from Michael Graves' dissertation in figures on
demography and design styles, 1981
31
32
"Trampling project", Christopher Turner's research notes on
Kalinga pottery breakage and housefold water sources, 1988
31
33
Student notebook: Brian Trostel, 1988-1989
box
folder
32
1
Contents of notebook of Brian Trostel, 1987
32
2
Notes and demographic analysis, Michael Graves, 1979-[1987]
32
3
Notebook, [2001]
32
4
Correspondence on Gloria London's research in
Paradijon, 1981
32
5
Notebook related to "The Potter's of Paradise", 1981
32
6
Paradijon field notes, 1981
32
7
Paradijon field notes and map, 1981
32
8
Paradijon pot survey, 1981
32
9
Paradijon pot sizes: notes and related articles, 1981
32
10
Prices of wares, wholesale and retail in Gubat, Sorsogan,
Irosin, 1981
box
folder
33
1
London, Gloria, "The Potters of Paradise", 1983
33
2
Dumaguete pottery study, thesis by Lionel T.
Chiong, 1975
33
3
Dumaguete pottery study, student's notes and
reports, undated
33
4
Dumaguete pottery study, student notes and
reports, [1991-1999]